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I start from problems of Italy . We grow too little and then can not create enough jobs for all , especially for young people. We have very high rates of unemployment, disproportionately high for the age groups youth and this is the most serious problem for our country. We are destroying the hopes of a generation and new development opportunities for the country itself.
We do not do enough innovation. Investment in research and development in relation to GDP about half of what happens in other advanced countries, we develop few patents . None of the successful products of the digital economy and the information is designed and manufactured in Italy. What is the latest new product invented in Italy? For new mean: something that meets a new need (eg smartphone) or a need old but in a new way (the high-speed train). I would say that the Wasp (scooter) is the latest new product entirely Italian – 1947 !! no new products is difficult to conquer markets, grow businesses and provide jobs and more people.
We were specialized in traditional manufacturing sectors where margins are low and competition from emerging countries is fierce.
The process in place in most developed countries recorded an increase in the weight of the sectors related to the digital economy, an increase in advanced services and a decline in traditional and mature industries. We are far behind.
The OECD and other observers say that there is also a growing phenomenon of technological unemployment: the computer, the network, the ICT in general are increasingly replacing human labor and It is also creating a polarization between workers : on the one hand there are those who by virtue of their skills know take advantage of new technologies and on the other there are those instead increasingly marginalized, at risk of unemployment and of poverty.
Now having said all that, however, the situation in terms of the professions and the work is very complex.
Many centers estimate that there will be a growing demand for graduates in technological and scientific so-called STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) in all countries. Those who graduated in these disciplines has less risk of being unemployed and being replaced by machines, if only because it can work in all sectors, given the cross-cutting nature of ICT and pervasive.
But the recent news (see on this the interesting volume “ The Second Machine Age. Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies ” Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee of MIT) is that the machines / Computers are getting smarter and are increasingly able to replace not only the work routine (cashiers in supermarkets or at a tollbooth for example) but also complex tasks and high-knowledge: think of all ‘use of computers for medical imaging, or the use of computers to guide aircraft. Until a few years ago it seemed unthinkable to imagine that computers could drive a car, but today there is Googlecar, able to move in trafficcatissime streets of Los Angeles without incident and with no human driver.
in short, the situation is very complex. In the past we said: if you work studies. Then we said if you study some things you’re sure that your work will not be at risk of automation by computer / robot. Today this statement is qualified. There are lots of jobs in the coming years will see the arrival of intelligent computers that can replace the man . Technological unemployment is the real spectrum. The jobs created by the companies that produce information goods or digital technologies are very few compared to the jobs that are destroyed by automation and technological progress. Google, Amazon, Apple etc. employ very few people if we compare with the giant corporations of the past in the areas now ancient as the steel industry, or the car.
Who will work? those who can combine expertise with creativity, innovation, entrepreneurial spirit. There are activities that require such as aesthetic expertise that computers do not have. There are professions that require skills related to the taste that hardly machines have (for now at least), think of the chefs.
I would say then: those who study scientific and technical subjects is more likely than not to be unemployed . The problem as they say the authors of the CEPS study is that it is much more difficult to study engineering or physics that not history or sociology, and this partly explains why we have so many members in the humanities and a few members in the technical and scientific. But one of the points is that in our humanities has remained in a ancient view of the world , you do not teach creativity techniques, not taught market analysis, analysis of the data. It would be useful to young people in the humanities were also exposed to a little ‘contamination with business and economic matters such as: how to write a business plan? How can you create a start up in Pompeii that allows the young writers to work with the tourism? How to run a museum? How you can use the skills humanities on the web? How do enterprise?
It is not conceivable that the ranks of graduates in the humanities are to be made by the state it? Of course one can say what I like to study, but then I go to work as a waiter in a pizzeria. Right, I agree.
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